Identification of the Modal Parameters of a Golf Club

Abstract

The dynamic behaviour of a golf is a critical role in its performance, user comfort, and structural durability during both the swing and impact phases. An Accurate understanding of its vibration characteristics, particularly the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping, is essential for optimizing its design and enhancing the user experience. However, most numerical models of golf clubs rely solely on finite element predictions with limited experimental validation, leading to significant discrepancies in mode shape and frequency correlation. The absence of experimentally validated data limits the reliability of such models in real-world performance evaluation. This study aims to identify the modal parameters of a golf club through both numerical and experimental approaches. A finite element model of a golf club is developed from a measured CAD model. The FE model created using an optimal element size of 2 mm is calibrated to match the Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) results of the test club. EMA is performed on the golf club using an impact hammer and roving accelerometers under free boundary constraints. The comparison between the FE and EMA results shows substantial discrepancies, indicating the inability of the FE model to accurately reproduce the dynamic behaviour of the golf club. The results clearly demonstrate that accurate material properties and experimental validation are essential for reliable dynamic modelling. This study establishes a foundation for improving golf club design through integrated numerical–experimental approaches.